Table 6 The general framing and topic areas/characteristics of the context, lab and experiment for the case reporting scheme and the corresponding literature
Context Features | References |
Environmental, social/cultural, financial/economic, technical/infrastructure, legal/political, organisational/capacity | Forrest et al. 2019; Van Steenbergen and Frantzeskaki 2018; West et al. 2019 |
Lab Features | References |
Space | McCrory et al. 2020 |
Geographical embeddedness, real-world problem as a starting point, boundaries: lab demarcations – content, space, location and scope | Voytenko et al. 2016; Wanner et al. 2018; Bulkeley et al. 2019 |
Background and history, long-term orientation | Forrest et al. 2019; Schäpke et al. 2018; Bulkeley et al. 2019 |
Process | McCrory et al. 2020 |
Experiments as core research method, experimentation and learning, real-world intervention | Voytenko et al. 2016; Wanner et al. 2018; Schäpke et al. 2018; Caniglia et al. 2017 |
Transdisciplinarity as core research mode; systems, target and transformation knowledge; participation and user involvement; participants, power, legitimacy, credibility, salience, inclusion | Voytenko et al. 2016; Wanner et al. 2018; Adler et al. 2018; Schäpke et al. 2018; Sengers et al. 2019; Lam et al. 2020a, b; Caniglia et al. 2017; Cash et al. 2003; Bergmann et al. 2021; Avelino 2017; De Geus et al. 2022 |
Learning and reflexivity, cyclical learning: reflection and variation, evaluation (of actions and impacts) and refinement of knowledge; capacity building | Voytenko et al. 2016; Wanner et al. 2018; Schäpke et al. 2018; Singer-Brodowski et al. 2018; Ness and Wahl 2022; Lang et al. 2012; Wiek et al. 2017; Bergmann et al. 2021 |
Participatory methods, tools, exercises, workshops for e.g., skill and capacity development, system thinking and definition | Bulkeley et al. 2019; Lang et al. 2012; Bergmann et al. 2021 |
Organisation | McCrory et al. 2020 |
Leadership and ownership of ULLs, TD collaboration (co-leadership) | |
Collaboration, responsibility, time allocation, organisational process, organisational champion | Wittmayer & Schäpke 2014; Wittmayer et al. 2017; Ness and Wahl 2022 |
Facilitation, trust, communication | |
Sustainability | McCrory et al. 2020 |
Contribution to transformation, normative framing, real-world problem, purpose, scalability and transferability of results (amplification), empowerment of change agents | Wanner et al. 2018; Schäpke et al. 2018; Forrest et al. 2019; Lam et al. 2020a, b; Lang et al. 2012; Pereira et al. 2020; Wiek et al. 2017 |
Experiment Features | Reference |
Outputs | Luederitz et al. 2017 |
Built capacities, actionable knowledge, accountability, changes in physical structures, changes in social structures, transferability, scalability, accounting for unintended consequences associated with uptake | |
Outcomes | |
Socio-ecological integrity, livelihood sufficiency and opportunity, intra- and intergenerational equity, resource maintenance and efficiency, socio-ecological stewardship and democratic governance, precaution and adaptation | |
Processes | |
Sequence of actions, sound methodology, collaboration, reflexivity and learning, transparency | |
Inputs | |
Awareness, commitment, expertise, trust, support |