Table 2 Three modes of orchestration
From: Understanding how city networks are leveraging climate action: experimentation through C40
Orchestration mode | Orchestrator | Intermediary | Logic | Objectives |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Complementary | UNFCCC Secretariat, UNSG, EU Commission | IPCC, ICLEI, Green Climate Fund | Inclusion, Participation | Bolster regime capacity and legitimacy |
Coordinating | Bloomberg Philanthropies, Individual cities | C40, CDP, cCR | Autonomy, Recognition, Enhancing capacity | Augment governance capacity and political capital |
Emergent | Siemens, World Bank | ISO, GHG Protocol for Cities, City Credit Ratings | Competitive standing, Development, Trustworthiness | Enhance return on investment and impact of capital investments |