Table 4 Overview of examples that illustrate the amplification processes. For each example, we describe what the impact is and how it is amplified

Stabilizing

Alam Sehar Lestari, non-governmental organization in Indonesia

- Impact: Restoring forest areas and reducing illegal logging in Gunung Palung National Park in West Kalimantan, Indonesia.

- Amplification: Stabilizing impact through getting support from communities and other organizations.

Speeding up

Unleashing Local Capital, local financing program from Alberta Community and Co-Operative Association in Canada

- Impact: Providing capital to finance local business development and foster community ownership.

- Amplification: Speeding up impact through restructuring processes to provide capital faster after submitting proposals.

Growing

Public Lighting Authority, state-created authority in the city of Detroit, U.S.A

- Impact: Providing LED street lights to the whole City of Detroit.

- Amplification: Growing of impact by installing LED street lights in the whole City of Detroit from 2014 until 2017.

- Similar context: Socio-technical context (LED street lights) and geographical context (City of Detroit) did not change.

Slow Food Italy, food movement in Italy

- Impact: Promoting local food cultures and traditions through locally acting groups.

- Amplification: Growing of movement through establishing more than 290 locally acting groups.

- Similar context: Socio-cultural context (Italy) did not change.

Replicating

The Nature Conservancy, global non-governmental organization

- Impact: Protecting ecologically-valuable land.

- Amplification: Replicating local chapters to different countries and states with place-based missions.

- Dissimilar context: Socio-ecological context (ecosystems) changed.

Alnatura, organic grocery store in Germany

- Impact: Providing organic local food products.

- Amplification: Replicating stores to different cities in Germany.

- Dissimilar context: Socio-economic context (locally produced food) changed.

Transferring

Water-independent house concept, Tucson, Arizona, U.S.A.

- Impact: Reducing water demand from houses in cities.

- Amplification: Transferring the concept from Tucson, Arizona to Phoenix.

- Similar context: Socio-technical context (water-independent house concept) did not change.

Ciclovía, car-free city initiative in Bogotá, Colombia

- Impact: Providing car-free streets in cities for the public, especially cyclists.

- Amplification: Transferring of the initiative to more than 100 cities.

- Similar context: Socio-cultural context (car-free streets in cities) did not change.

Spreading

Transition Town Network, global network of transition initiatives

- Impact: Supporting communities to reimagine and rebuild their cities, villages or districts.

- Amplification: Spreading of key principles to different communities all over the world.

- Dissimilar context: Context to which the key principles are applied changed.

Scaling up

Planned Lifetime Advocacy Network, family-led charitable organization in Canada

- Impact: Supporting parents of children with disabilities to provide a good life and future for their children.

- Amplification: Changing financial regulations concerning savings and benefits for people with disabilities.

Ciclovía, car-free city initiative in Bogotá, Colombia

- Impact: Providing car-free streets in cities for the public, especially cyclists.

- Amplification: Becoming an official program of the city government.

Scaling deep

Time banks, United Kingdom

- Impact: Providing services in communities.

- Amplification: Changing values through increasing social inclusion in communities by promoting reciprocal altruism.

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City-community initiative in Burgas, Bulgaria

- Impact: Renaturation of city districts.

- Amplification: Regarding nature as a solution instead of a risk in the context of urban flood protection.