Table 2 Experiments and related key triggers, actors, barriers, linkages
Year | Initiatives/experiments | Triggers | Barriers | Actors | Linkages |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1970~ | Pollution control initiative | Pollution, health effects | Political, cultural and financial | Citizens | Local government–citizens–companies |
1990~ | Expanding role of Kitakyushu International Techno-Cooperative Association to include local government and accept trainees for environment-focused courses, knowledge transfer | Global 500 Award, economic decline | Local government | Companies–local government–national agency | |
1996~ | Environmental technology transfer (ODA) -‘96 Dalian (Pollution) - ‘99 Phnom Penh (Water management) - ‘04 Surabaya (composting) - ‘10 Haiphong (U-BCF) | Global concern, economic decline | Cultural | Local government | Local government–local government, NPO–NPO |
1997 | “Eco Town” (zero-emission industrial cluster) | Economic decline | Institutional, competition/ external recycling market | Local government | Local government–private sector–national agencies |
2003 | Higashida Area: “Green village development” | 2001 Japan Expo on “Coexistence” held in Higashida (Kitakyushu) | Institutional | Private sector/local government | Private sector–local government |
2010 | Higashida Area: “Smart Community Project”, community energy management and the creation of energy “prosumers” (producers/consumers) | Pressure from power companies, competition | Private sector/local government | Private sector–local government–citizens | |
2010 | Establishment of Asian Center for Low Carbon Society by the mayor: institution of environmental business matchmaking, promotion joint ventures with developing Asian cities | Economic decline, global concern | Cultural, financial, political | Local government/private sector | Local government–private sector partnership |
2010 | Environmental SMEs business expansion in- Haiphong (U-BCF expansion) - Surabaya (recycling plant) - Surabaya (industrial cluster) | Economic decline, global concern | Cultural, financial, political | Private sector | Business–business |
2011 | FutureCity Initiative | Ageing population and economic decline | Social, financial | Local government | Local government–business–citizens |